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Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation
The Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation (BWAF), or Beijing Workers’ Autonomous Union (simplified Chinese: 北京工人自治联合会; pinyin: Běijīng gōngrén zìzhì liánhéhuì; popularly referred to in Chinese as gōngzìlián, meaning "the workers’ federation") was the primary Chinese workers' organization calling for political change during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The group was formed in the wake of mourning activities for former General Secretary Hu Yaobang in April 1989. The BWAF denounced political corruption, presenting itself as an independent union capable of "supervising the Communist Party," unlike the Party-controlled All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU).〔Ogden, Suzanne, Kathleen Hartford, and Lawrence Sullivan, eds. China’s Search for Democracy: The Student and the Mass Movement of 1989. M.E. Sharpe, 1992. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-87332-724-4.〕
Unlike typical labor unions, the BWAF did not establish branches in individual factories and workplaces. Nevertheless, its influence and activities expanded during its resistance to the imposition of martial law in May. The Federation itself was one of the casualties of the People's Liberation Army's violent suppression of protesters during the evening of June 3. After the military crackdown, Party authorities labeled the BWAF an "illegal organization" and arrested its leaders.〔Han Minzhu, ed., Cries for Democracy: Writing and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement. Princeton University Press, 1990. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-691-00857-8.〕
==Origins==
Economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping had improved the living standard of many urban workers, but by 1988, many such workers considered themselves "losers in the decade of economic reform."〔Han Minzhu, p. 271.〕 Corruption and inflation especially angered workers, and some responded with slowdowns and wildcat strikes in 1988 to 1989.〔
In the days after Hu Yaobang's death on April 15, 1989, workers and other Beijing residents mourned and discussed politics at the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square. On April 20, after university students staging a sit-in outside Zhongnanhai claimed to have been beaten by military police, a group of workers calling themselves the "Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation" began issuing two handbills.〔Walder, Andrew W., and Gong Xiaoxia. "Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers’ Autonomous Federation." ''Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs'', no. 29, January 1993. pp. 1-2. Full text of article available at http://www.tsquare.tv/links/Walder.html.〕 The first, the "Letter to People of the Entire City," decried "out of control" inflation, criticized corrupt officials, and called on "people from all walks of life to come together to fight for truth and the future of China."〔Ogden, Hartford, and Sullivan, p. 86.〕 The second handbill, "Ten Questions," demanded that top Communist Party leaders reveal how much money Zhao Ziyang spent playing golf, and how much Deng Xiaoping's son's spent gambling on horse racing. The pamphlet also questioned why "prices had risen without respite whilst the living standards of the people had dropped precipitously," asking top Party leaders disclose their income.〔Han Minzhu, p. 277.〕 These handbills, along with fiery speeches in Tiananmen Square, helped recruit more workers to the Federation. One such recruit was Han Dongfang, a railway worker who would become one of the BWAF's top leaders.〔Walder and Gong, p. 5.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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